By, Prof. Dr. Belina BUDINI In an age where visual communication saturates our daily lives, (more…)

https://doi.org/10.58944/fwiz2417

By, Dr. Valbona NATHANAILI Abstract The article aims to analyze the policies, issues, and priorities of the (more…)

https://doi.org/10.58944/nurv5230

By, Dr. Zenel SINA, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Tomi TRESKA, Dr. Lindita IVZIKU Abstract Practice in relation to theory developed in classrooms is currently a (more…)

https://doi.org/10.58944/zbqa5975

By MSc. Albjon LUSHI, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Belina BUDINI Abstract The purpose of this paper is to explore the international image of Albania, (more…)

https://doi.org/10.58944/gulq3725

By, MSc. Orgesa DOKA, Dr. Klementin MILE Abstract This scientific paper focuses on the study of political communication strategies (more…)

https://doi.org/10.58944/pjhv5935

By, MSc. Era JAUPI, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Belina BUDINI Abstract This paper is an empirical research which brings its focus to the detailed (more…)

https://doi.org/10.58944/euhb9782

By, Doct. Odeta CACAJ, Ambra TOSKA Abstract Body image satisfaction and self-esteem are important components (more…)

https://doi.org/10.58944/dkfj2444

BY, MSc. Sara PJETRUSHAJ, Assoc. Prof. Erika MELONASHI Abstract This paper investigates the correlation between Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) (more…)

https://doi.org/10.58944/fejh6571

By, Dr. Brunilda HOXHAJ, Dora KARAGJOZI Abstract This study is of paramount importance for advancing healthcare and improving the quality of life for (more…)

https://doi.org/10.58944/gogg9741

By, M.Sc. Gerti METANI, M.Sc. Dorjan ISUFAJ, Barjam YZBASHI Abstract Context: Nutritional supplement sales in gyms have become a widespread practice, (more…)

https://doi.org/10.58944/fcqo8756

By, Associate Professor Dr. Belina BUDINI

EDITORIAL

In this issue of Polis Journal (number 22/2) we are focusing on the Albanian and European Identities. Papers reflect upon perspectives in the fields of Communication, Education, International Relations, and Cultural studies. Albania, as a candidate country for membership of the European Union, has made some progress in aligning its laws and regulations with the EU “Acquis Communautaire”. However, challenges remain, particularly in the areas of democratic institutional building. Political and civil society actors are brought into question in the article by Mirela Bogdani emphasizing the lack of legitimacy and the unreliability of political parties and other domestic actors, that have increasingly amplified the importance of the International Community as an external actor in Albania. From within a critical stance, she argues that the inability of local actors to deal with domestic challenges and cooperate with one another have ‘promoted’ this actor, which has been trying to fulfill the role of facilitator and mediator that the state institutions have proved unable to perform. The article focuses on the role of the International Community as a pivotal and reliable actor in democratic transition in Albania, analyzing the role of various actors in the democratization process in Albania, with specific emphasis on one key participant which has played a significant role throughout the three-decade transition period. Therefore, the paper argues that legitimacy in Albania lies with the international community and its verdict tends to be considered as final. Furthermore, the author analyses the impact and influence exerted by the two most significant external actors: the European Union, because of Albania’s aspirational EU membership, steering reforms and providing financial assistance; and the United States, which, through its diplomats and ambassadors, has been very proactive in Albanian politics, helping the country to overcome persistent problems as corruption and organized crime, and more recently the judiciary reform. The paper concludes that Albanian road towards democratization could have had a different trajectory without the involvement and guidance of the international community pushing for and directing reforms. While acknowledging the significance of assistance from external driving forces, the article suggests that the primary onus for the progress of a country should rest upon its domestic actors.

https://doi.org/10.58944/idma8137

By, Prof. Assoc. Mirela BOGDANI Abstract The paper analyses the role of various actors in the democratization process in Albania, with specific emphasis on one key participant. It is structured into three distinctive sections: the first identifies the domestic actors in the beginning of transition, such as the political class, civil society, knowledge elite, media etc, highlighting the political class as the most powerful and influential of them. However, the paper argues that instead of being a reliable and responsible factor in the process of democratization and integration, the Albanian political elite has shown a chronic lack of responsibility, willingness, professionalism and commitment to tackle the country’s major problems. Its primary objective has been its own self-interest and self-preservation. On the other hand, since Albania opened up to the world, another actor has been crucial for the country, the international community. The subsequent section focuses on this external actor, which has played a significant role throughout the three-decade transition period. It asserts that inability of local actors to deal with domestic challenges and cooperate with one another have ‘promoted’ this actor, which has been trying to fulfill the role of facilitator and mediator that the state institutions have proved unable to perform. The lack of legitimacy and the unreliability of political parties and other domestic actors have increasingly amplified the importance of this actor. Therefore, the paper argues that legitimacy in Albania lies with the international community and its verdict tends to be considered as final. This is also reflected in public opinion surveys, indicating that Albanian citizens trust much more international than national institutions. The third section analyses the impact and influence exerted by the two most significant external actors: the European Union, whose significance escalated notably post-2000 owing to Albania’s aspirational EU membership, steering reforms and providing financial assistance; and the United States, which, through its diplomats and ambassadors, has been very proactive in Albanian politics, helping the country to overcome persistent problems as corruption and organized crime, and more recently the judiciary reform. The paper concludes that Albanian road towards democratization could have had a different trajectory without the involvement and guidance of the international community pushing for and directing reforms. While acknowledging the significance of assistance from external driving forces, the primary onus for the progress of a country should rest upon its domestic actors. Keywords: International community, domestic actors, political class, transition, democratization, European integration, the European Union, the United States.

https://doi.org/10.58944/fssq5179

By, Dr. Malvina TEMA Abstract This paper is an effort to investigate the principal challenges associated with further enlargement of the European Union. The specific focus of the analysis is the case of Turkey as a real dilemma for the EU. The eastward expansion of the European Union poses multi-dimensional concerns. These concerns relate to political, economic, cultural and geostrategic delicate questions that are perceived as crucial issues for the Union. However, it should be pointed that this is a game that cannot be played unilaterally by a single actor such as the EU. It also depends on how Turkey will play the game of integration which –however- is principally led by the Union. Considering this, the paper is organised in four main sections. The first section introduces political challenges from the EU enlargement towards Turkey, the second section introduces economic challenges and it is followed by the two last sections with geostrategic and identity issues ending with some brief conclusions. Keywords: European Union; Turkey; Enlargement; Political Challenges; Economic Challenges; Geostrategic Challenges; Identity\Cultural Challenges.

https://doi.org/10.58944/knfc1531

By, Phd (c). Dritan IDRIZI, Prof. Assoc. Dr. Tomi TRESKA Abstract Purpose: Since advertising to children and adolescents has become ubiquitous, scholars who study the significance and influence of adverts on children raise questions about the communication approach towards this category of the audience. This study focuses on two national TV stations which have the highest number of viewers and consequently the highest number of advertisements and time dedicated to it. Some of the adverts repeatedly broadcast on these television channels do not comply with the ethical standards of MES or the legal framework for Audiovisual Media in the Republic of Albania. Design/Methodology/Approach: The method used in this case study is the observational method – the monitoring of the national TV media stations during particular time slots. Findings: The findings and recommendations will be relevant to all the stakeholders. Originality/value: Advertisements in time slots, in which children are actively watching television, are not in accordance with the ethics that are trumpeted by the law on pre-university education and the law on audio-visual broadcasts. We can identify the violation of some articles of the law on which the Audiovisual Media Authority operates. Keywords: TV adverts, communication, education, children, legal framework.

https://doi.org/10.58944/hyfc5045

By, Kejvin JAKU Abstract Purpose: This study investigates the challenges that Albania faces in economic development, social changes, and media transparency in a democratic, post-communist society. The analysis draws on contemporary historical sources, human rights reports, academic studies, news articles, and official governmental and nongovernmental publications, correlating these findings with Albania’s journey toward democratization. Findings: The essay identifies the economic repercussions of communist governance, including prevalent unemployment and fragile market structures. It explores the social impact, linking them to issues like suppression, fear, and weakened trust in the contemporary government. Originality/Value: This article provides an analysis of the challenges in post-communist Albania, focusing on social and economic developments and media coverage. It suggests targeted strategies for the government to strengthen democratic institutions. Keywords: Albania, democracy, post-communism, development, media, freedom, transparency.

https://doi.org/10.58944/nccx9506

By, MSc. Redona ZHULEKU (SAKULI), Dr. Elsida SINAJ Abstract Work overload or burnout can result from the numerous and conflicting expectations placed on nurses by medical and administrative staff in addition to nurse supervisors and managers. Research conducted on nurses reveals that a significant factor in determining the level of burnout they encounter is their personal and professional ideals. In emerging nations, burnout-related work issues are becoming more prevalent in helping professions like nursing. Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between social welfare and burnout caused by stress. This essentially means that managers and supervisors in the medical, administrative, and nursing fields place a number of contradicting demands on nurses in their professions. Overwork or burnout may result from this. Plan, process, and approach: Investigating if QSUT nurses feel burnout, stress, and social support is the aim of the quantitative study. There are 100 nurses in total taking part in the study 42 males and 58 women. Design/methodology/approach: The purpose of the quantitative study is to investigate if QSUT nurses experience Burnout, Stress, and Social Support. There are 100 nurses participating in the study in total (42 men and 58 women). Findings: Analysis through the T-Test showed that there are gender differences in depletion reporting, where t (98) = 3.123, p<.05, and higher stress, where t(98)=-1.113, p<.05. So, it’s women who report higher levels of stress. This analysis also showed that there are differences in personal achievement reporting, where t(98)= 3.629, p<.05. Men report higher levels of personal achievement because they have more confidence in their skills and show more ego in career performance in this profession. Analysis through the T-Test showed that there are gender differences in reporting the alliance you can rely on, where t (98) = 2.576, p<.05 and support for your values, where t(98)= 2.003, p<.05. So, it is men who report higher levels of support and support values. Men find themselves more socially supported and see themselves as a source of support for others. The results for regression/stress at work supported the hypothesis that levels of social support (social integration, support for your values) are associated with burnout variables and social integration is the most important factor affecting increased stress at work. Keywords: Burnout, Stress and Social Support

https://doi.org/10.58944/vfix5394

By, Phd Ermir NIKA The subject of this novel takes shape and begins and elaborates on an event in the 90s, when Genci Skampa, a reporter in a daily newspaper, is invited to a meeting of journalists from the Balkan Peninsula in the capital of France, Paris. The events and destinies of the characters, who sometimes surrender to memory and sometimes return to objective reality, follow a trajectory that is not at all chronological, moving from Tirana, towards Beijing, then towards Paris and vice versa. However, the road remains one and only, and the main theme of this work is about the life of the Albanian student in Beijing during the 60s, of the last century, centred on the university corps of that city, where young people who came almost from prosperous communist countries world, they experience redemption and freedom for the first time, but this freedom remains conditioned under the unspeakable atmosphere for the mentality of these teenagers, that of the Chinese Cultural Revolution. At that time, i.e. in his student years, the young Albanian Genci Skampa met and fell in love with the elegant Chinese student, Sui Lin. In the chapters of this novel, all the deformations of living as well as the occasional contrasts are arranged somewhat carelessly: the permanent pressure exerted by the wild discipline, the silent temptations, but also the spiritual and psychological related disturbances that one experiences during the experience of first love. At the same time, some elements and phenomena make up a somewhat separate world, forged by events and people who leave behind indelible traces, imbued with pronounced notes of lyricism and drama at the same time, gradually transforming into shadows of the past that haunts the protagonist of this novel on his way back from Beijing to Tirana, but also that of his departure years later from Tirana to Paris, to crucify the main character forever in the memory. Keywords: love, Albanian, Chinese, student, memory.

https://doi.org/10.58944/nqqa9059

by, Albana XHEMALI, M.Sc., Elkjana GJIPALI, M.Sc., Elona HASKO, M.Sc.

Abstract

With the development of technology, teachers face the challenge of finding new and creative methods to improve the educational process in their work with preschool children and cartoon films for children can be un instructional and educational tool for using in the classrooms, preschools or other educational activities for preschool children. Using cartoon films for children could be a very interesting method, instructional and could improve children’s attention, improve language and communication skills, establish relationships between subjects in the film and develop problem-solving skills, enhance their imagination and help comprehend emotions and discussions about them. In an experiment realized with children 4-6 years in 4 public and private preschools in Tirana, while showing cartoon films for children in Albanian language and produced by public artistic institutions during the years ’80, ’90, it was noticed that the children were interested and engaged in discussing about the topics of the cartoon films content. Showing cartoon films for children as un instructional method for explaining topics about hygiene and health, respecting rules and community, helping others and preventing bullying, resulted to be a very useful tool for implementing the activities of the basic preschool curricula and that facilitated the work of teachers in getting the attention of children, explaining important topics and involving children in discussions. How to cite: Xhemali, A., Gjipali, E., & Hasko, E. (2023). The impact of Albanian cartoon films on the learning process, stimulating thought, imagination, and their use as UN instructional tool for improving and facilitating the implementation of the preschool curriculum. Polis, 22(1), 25–29.

https://doi.org/10.58944/cswg8604

By, Associate Professor Dr. Belina BUDINI

EDITORIAL

This issue of Polis, the academic journal of the Faculty of Humanities, Education and Liberal Arts at EUT, focuses on Art and Culture in a transformative world. Volatile, uncertain, complex and ambiguous are among the most ubiquitous adjectives describing the challenges and urgencies we are facing nowadays. While we are still dealing with the consequences of a world pandemic after COVID19, other dynamics have taken place, leading to further disruptions and a lack of stability, but also bringing transformations and potential for change.

By, Doct. Denis BIZHGA

Abstract

In 1953, Milman Parry and Albert Lord published  “Serbo-Croatian heroic songs”, to prove that the Homeric tradition of epic poetry was still alive in the Balkans of that time. The writer Ismail Kadare, seduced by this hypothesis, created the novel “The H File”, the content of which includes two fictional Irish-American researchers, Max Rothi and Vili Nortoni, who set out for the deep mountains of pre-war Northern Albania. Referring to the Epic of the Kreshniks as one of the most important artistic pillars of the spiritual culture of Albanians, the research of legendary epic songs testifies, among others, to their connection with lyrical epic songs. How to cite: Bizhga, D. (2023). The epic of the Kreshniks in the literature of Ismail Kadare and a description of the rhapsodes of the Albanian Mountains. Polis, 22(1), 114–117.

https://doi.org/10.58944/ztmh5863

by, Phd. Dorian SEVO

Abstract

The author Imam’s “Three Forms of Thought” (more…)

by, Dr. Dorina XHANI, MSc. Joida POROZAJ, Dr. Brunilda HOXHAJ, Dr. Elsida SINAJ, Stela KAPO, Eneda SALA

Abstract

Background: Obsessive-compulsive disorder is one of the anxiety disorders that directly affects many areas of life and its quality. Purpose: This study aims to explore how obsessive-compulsive disorder affects various aspects of quality of life such as family life, social relationships, and activities of daily living. Its focus is also on exploring personal beliefs and social support. Method: The quality method is based on a case study model, the subject of which was part of the clinical population of persons diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder in Tirana. The study showed that obsessive-compulsive disorder has major impacts on areas such as family life and activities of daily living and a significant impact on social relationships. Conclusion: The result showed that personal beliefs and social support were important factors during and after therapeutic treatment. It is recommended that the study should be applied on larger samples to gain more data for Albania. How to cite: Xhani, D., Porozaj, J., Hoxhaj, B., Sinaj, E., Kapo, S., & Sala, E. (2023). The implications of obsessive-compulsive disorder due to covid 19 pandemic situation. Polis, 22(1), 30–41.

https://doi.org/10.58944/qyfe4874

by, Dorjan ISUFAJ

Abstract

Background: Fitness is widely regarded as a fundamental premise of a good state of health for all ages, offering creative and fun opportunities, it can bring a comprehensive help for individual and social development that staff needs physical exercise for his psychological balance and physiological. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to present the current state of Fitness Centers, their management and marketing in accordance with the socio-economic changes that our country is going through, in accordance with the conditions of the market economy and the needs of customers. Management should be seen as a process by which personnel contribute to the choice of leadership, so that an organization functions efficiently in achieving that for which it was created. Conclusion: The next step in managing a fitness center is partnering with commercial gym equipment providers to equip your fitness facility with the latest fitness equipment and tools. Effectively managing a health center means making sure all your fitness equipment is in good working order. Professionally managing a fitness center means taking the time to hire experienced and resolute staff dedicated to helping your fitness center thrive. Employee incentives and well-organized employee training programs can help keep all staff members engaged and committed. How to cite: Isufaj, D. (2023). Efficient management of fitness centers, an important link of sport for all. Polis, 22(1), 68–76.

https://doi.org/10.58944/udyw7226

by, MSc. Dritan IDRIZI

Abstract

Background: Literature is the best narrative approach to (more…)

by, Evi VELIU

Abstract

As a researcher in the fields of Political Science and Intercultural Communication, my purpose here is linked with the current state of the art in Albania, but only through the narratives, fables, and symbolic structures that condition it. Even though art as it is now mainly composed of rigid shapes and colors thrown/scattered without much thought in it, I argue that for art to think (or work) outside this quasi-mainstream mindset, it has first to see how the latter dictates its horizons of possibility. I conclude that these are ready-made fables and concepts taken for granted in the mainstream and which very quickly create a “discursive tension” where our very space of not only artistic freedom is at stake, and for which a “discursive struggle” may be delineated. How to cite: Veliu, E. (2023). Art in small circles. Polis, 22(1), 87–94.

https://doi.org/10.58944/ljwx6183

by, Eriklenta YMERI, MSc

Abstract

Public diplomacy represents an important activity that serves national interests and comes as a function of the development of the country and its people. The importance of public diplomacy is increasing, especially when considering the current global context – technological, digital, and economic developments, interconnections, and interactions at multilateral levels. In Albania, little is known about public diplomacy, its role, and functions, how it is constructed and how it is represented through various initiatives. The study on Public Diplomacy as a Political Communication Tool in Albania aims to provide a general overview of public diplomacy in Albania, initiatives and activities taken in support of public diplomacy, and the role of public diplomacy in the development of the country and the benefits associated with it. For the realization of this study, a mixture of research methods was used, including a desk review of existing literature and key strategic documents, and interviews conducted with the public to assess public perception and knowledge on public diplomacy. The results show efforts made in years to engage in public diplomacy with countries all over the world, as a strategic intervention to promote the country’s development. It further shows the low levels of recognition and knowledge of the wider public about public diplomacy in the country. The study highlights that public diplomacy in Albania is in the steps of its development and is yet to consolidate. How to cite: Ymeri, E. (2023). Public diplomacy as political communication in Albania. Polis, 22(1), 150–164.

https://doi.org/10.58944/pxxm9461

by, PhD. Ermir NIKA

Abstract

Background: After the New Age, a period which many contemporary researchers define as the stage where the first foundations of modernity were laid in the society-wide mentality, we have another relationship with the mythical past, since they were no longer seen as figures with strength and size divine, but as creatures from which the past came through artistic whimsy. Thus, oral traditions and fairy tales had a much greater and direct influence on the literary process. They strengthened it and became a primary source of subjects, a wide gallery of characters further delineating the various literary genres and genres. Regarding the Albanian literature for children, we can affirm that during the period of the National Renaissance, in the wake of the numerous social, political, and cultural contributions undertaken by the protagonists of this great movement, a very useful work was done for the drafting of texts money for Albanian schools. The renaissance saw the creation of books for the younger generations as a major obligation, and in this way, the number of writings dedicated to children increased significantly. Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to document the progress of Albanian children’s literature in distinctive styles, forms, and norms through which this literature passed and was consolidated. Method: To realize this article, I relied on two basic methods; in the synchronic and diachronic one, with the aim of bringing a more complete and analytical view of the phenomena that appear in this literature. Conclusion: Following the tradition and enriching it with works and authors of different periods with consolidated literary styles and physiognomy, is proven through a detailed analysis where the evolutionary process of this literature is verified. How to cite: Nika, E. (2023). Views of Albanian Literature for Children. Polis, 22(1), 95–113.

https://doi.org/10.58944/pgyi7769

by, PhD(c). Etleva HAXHIHYSENI, PhD. Briseida ANDONI

Abstract

Background: Individuals learn in different ways and likely they express their strengths. Gardner’s assertion, if everyone will have the same kind of mind and there would be just one type of intelligence, then we can teach everyone the same thing, in the same way; as well, we will assess them in the same way, and this would be fair. But, as soon as we understand that people have a variety of types of minds, and different types of strengths, education, which treats everyone in the same way, is unfair education. Purpose: of this work is to give a definition and meaning to multiple intelligence and identify its implications in good manners and education. Method: will be literature research in the form of a meta-analytical analysis form and comparative including/melting the pedagogical and psychological studies. How to cite: Haxhihyseni, E., & Andoni, B. (2023). Multiple intelligence and its implications in Education. Polis, 22(1), 58–67.

https://doi.org/10.58944/oxku3277

by, Dr. Irena MYZEQARI

Abstract

Background: Social media influencers are gaining special relevance in many studies related to media, communication, and advertisement. Whilst a lot of research has been conducted in several countries on possible effects on different fields, in Albania SMI-s are still considered a pure marketing tool and there is little evidence on trends related to this topic. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to understand why the younger generation tend to follow social media influencers and to identify the most notable features they are looking for when following a specific SMI. Methodology: The data collection method used for this study was a questionnaire, spread out to students at the European University of Tirana, and the sample population age range was from 18 years old up to 26 years old. Conclusion: It results that youth tend to spend more than three hours on social media, and they are inclined to follow social media influencers based on the similarities they share with them. One of the most relevant findings is their tendency to strongly disagree in considering reality shows characters and politicians as social media influencers. How to cite: Myzeqari, I. (2023). Social Media Influencers in Albania. self-promotion or a hyper-machine phenomenon. Polis, 22(1), 10–24.

https://doi.org/10.58944/rmko4435

by, Klementin MILE, PhD

Abstract

Background: Ambitious narratives are being produced in Albanian literature usually by young writers who are making a name for themselves and are being honoured for their works by juries and the media alike. However, their ambition, being the drive behind their thematic works, is equally a challenge to rise to. Purpose: This article aims at analysing the reasons for failing to fulfil the literary ambition, as well as to clearly delineate the contribution of such works in their mission as literary narratives. Method: I have chosen to apply rhetorical analysis as developed principally by James Phelan on a tale by the young Albanian writer Loer Kume, for which he was honoured with a prestigious prize in literature, the “Kadare Prize” in 2019. Conclusion: Foregrounding of thematic interest in literature, such as that relating to our attitude to morality, fails to convince the readers when offered with too much guidance and becomes an aesthetic liability. How to cite: Mile, K. (2023). The road to nowhere: Loer Kume’s “Snowman”. Polis, 22(1), 77–86.

https://doi.org/10.58944/swlu9919

by, M.Sc. Pranvera KRASNIQI, AP, PhD. Tomi TRESKA, Doc. Anduela LILE, M.Sc. Andromeda (KECI) LALAJ

Abstract

Background: Coding is solving problems while working. In coding, you must visualize and create map minds of your task or issue and break down the problem into smaller and more manageable parts, so that you can solve them more effectively and efficiently. So overall, coding includes the same process as critical thinking, and that of critical thinking process can be used very well and effectively in coding. Purpose: Exploring the possibilities and perspectives of the interaction between coding and encouraging, also developing critical thinking among students in the 15-18 age group. Evidence of students’ help in diversifying the ways of gaining knowledge and practical skills, as well as enabling young people to be more involved, among the approaches to education in the contemporary educational process. Method: This study is conducted at the “Arif Halil Sulaj” high school, Mamurras. To achieve the study objectives, a field survey was conducted through questionnaires and focus groups, both for teachers and for students of the “Arif Halil Sulaj” high school, Mamurras. Conclusion: Based on the searched results, it was evidenced that coding has a significant impact on increasing the involvement of students in the most active lessons and encouraging critical thinking, enabling them to solve problem situations independently, especially in the subjects of exact sciences. The recommendations determine the need to extend the curriculum in general with coding hours and algorithms as well as the addition of ICT hours in the 11th grade. How to cite: Krasniqi, P., Treska, T., Lile, A., & Lalaj, A. (2023). Critical thinking development in students during coding in the subject of “Information and communication technology.” Polis, 22(1), 42–57.

https://doi.org/10.58944/oqvb3639

by, Associate Professor Dr Belina BUDINI

Abstract

How does the fabrication of an international subject happen in the media? This article focuses on the theoretical framework for media research analysis in the context of the international media coverage of the Western Balkans and Albania as a case study. The theoretical and methodological approach reflects on the media research conducted both in terms of content analysis as well as theoretical and agency analysis. As Philo C. Wasburn puts it in “The social construction of international news”, in the symbolic universe built by the American media, during most of the 20th century and after 1989, the United States were considered not only the center of the greatest world events but were understood as the “natural order” for the American citizen and consumer. How to cite: Budini, B. (2023). The media research analysis as an approach to investigate the fabrication of an international subject in the news. Polis, 22(1), 171–190.

https://doi.org/10.58944/ndyn4850

by, Xhesjon ZOGU

Abstract

Background: The code of ethics, drafted by a group of local and foreign experts, aimed to establish a certain framework where a distinction was made between what should and should not be broadcast in the media. For many years this code of ethics was respected by most of the traditional media in the country, where quality content and ethics had the main weight during the broadcast. Purpose: This study tries to analyze one of the most common problems in Albanian media, the transmission of unethical content. The study relies on quantitative and qualitative data, researching both the nature of the content being broadcast and the causes leading to its transmission. Method: In the framework of this study, monitoring was conducted in various online media, and also a survey was conducted with 22 surveyors, to understand if the public needs these contents and what access they have to them. How to cite: Zogu, X. (2023). Online media and broadcasting ethics. Polis, 22(1), 132–149.

https://doi.org/10.58944/txbv8964

by, Msc. Xhois KUTA

Abstract

Background: The main topic of this scientific paper is based on what hate speech is, and how it affects young Albanians. The main problem raised in this paper is how hate speech is not much talked about in our everyday lives, and how young people do not have enough information about different examples of hate speech in their everyday lives and therefore not being aware how this can affect their mental health and emotional well – being. Purpose: The hypothesis that this scientific paper is based on is how today’s society faces a current situation of co-existence, where there is a lack of information on hate speech, and how young people (students) do not know how to identify what can be considered hate speech or not. Method: The theoretical basis of this scientific paper focuses on relevant literature, studies conducted on this topic from all over the world, as well as previous studies focused on Albania, with relevant references. This paper contains the main study conducted by the author, a survey named “Hate speech and its effect on emotional Well-being” with open and closed questions, the data of which have been analyzed and interpreted. Conclusion: The creation of new platforms where young people can be informed about hate speech, report experiences is a necessary need. How to cite: Kute, X. (2023). Hate speech and its impact on Albanian youth. Polis, 22(1), 118–131.

https://doi.org/10.58944/vywj6033

by. PhD. Elsida SINAJ, MsC. Xhesiana MECA

Abstract

The image of the body is the dynamic perception of the body as it looks, feels, and moves. It is formed by perception, emotions, and physical sensations and is not static, but can change in terms of mood and physical ways. In terms of self-esteem, which is a positive and negative orientation towards itself, a general assessment of values or qualities. His study is analyzing the relationship between self-esteem levels in relation to perceptions adolescents have of body image. The study was conducted as a champion of 120 students in Maminas high school. The selection of the champion was in a casual way. The ages of the students ranged from the age 13 to the age 18. The measuring instruments used for this study are 2 questionnaires. The body image avoidance questionnaire [Body Image Avoidance Questionnaire (BIAQ)], consists of 19 questions about image avoidance for the body. The second questionnaire is that of self-esteem (SES, Rosenberg, 1965), which was used to measure the degree of self-esteem. In line with the study’s objectives, results showed that there is an important link between the image of the body and the level of self-worth in adolescents and that there are significant gender differences in the image of the body in adolescents. Four were hypotheses raised in this study, whereof these hypotheses, 3 were proven and only one of the hypotheses collapsed. The results achieved were supported by similar field studies. How to cite: Sinaj, E., & Meca, X. (2022). Body image and self-esteem in teenagers. Polis, 21(2), 34–46.

https://doi.org/10.58944/uucf5880

by. Mariela EMIRI (MSc), Brunilda HOXHAJ (PhD)

Abstract

Over the years studies have shown that early experiences have a significant impact on a child’s subsequent cognitive, emotional, and social development, affecting individual health in adulthood. In addition, it is believed that there is a link between the early parent-child relationship and the externalization of maladaptive behaviours later. This might be manifested in high-risk behaviours in adolescence and adulthood including drug addiction. This study was conducted to better understand the early parent-child relationships among heroin addicts. To explore this, 30 subjects (4 females and 26 males) that are receiving methadone maintenance treatment at the Action Plus Center in Tirana were selected. Qualitative research was conducted through personal interviews and self-report questionnaires. Findings show that early child-parent relationship in heroin addicts is mostly characterized by a negligent father and a closer relationship with the mother. Results 48 POLIS No. 21, ISSUE 2/ 2022 indicate that the mother figure often appears to be the abusive and critical parent and there is a lack of father figure in the child´s life. Other interesting findings in this study suggest that heroin addicts may be using drugs to fulfill or stay in balance with unmet needs related to lack of parental love and warmth, emotional and psychological support, emotional stability, lack of open communication, low self-esteem, and self-confidence. These findings are relevant cause there is a practical application in substance use disorders treatment. How to cite: Emiri, M., & Hoxhaj, B. (2022). Education on early parent-child relationship and substance use disorder in adulthood. Polis, 21(2), 47–63.

https://doi.org/10.58944/vtrs6977

by, Klementin MILE, PhD

Abstract

It is usually thought that most Albanian youth do not read at all. And yet, Albanian youth today read much more than yesterday, today’s youth is an animal lectorem, an animal that reads. This relationship with reading is also manifested in the education system, where it is deeply influenced by the principles of modernity, where the degree has a relative and conditional value. In these conditions, when on the one hand the differentiation produced by the education system does not absolutely guarantee the career of the young person in the labour market and when on the other hand young people massively prefer informative reading to the meaningful one, the teacher is under tremendous pressure to become “acrobat”. This is a metaphor that conveys the reality of today’s teacher in postmodernism, which we must use to compensate for the lack of due reflection and conceptualisation on this phenomenon. But how and why did we get to this point when teachers are asked to be acrobats?  How to cite: Mile, K. (2022). Rise of the acrobat teacher. Polis, 21(2), 64–69.

https://doi.org/10.58944/ocha4963

by, Dr. Ermir NIKA

Abstract

With the major paradigm shift of Albanian society at the debut of 90-ies, the filmmakers were undoubtedly the first to seriously think and invest in changing the system of the operation of the cinematographic activity and culture in Albania. “Convinced that even some of the major relying principles of the operation of this activity have fallen short, both as an instrument and institution in assisting the political education of the masses, they started the switch to the new system and philosophy, whereby the individual, competition of values, the market of ideas and products, European integration and the product commercialization constituted its mainstays”. How to cite: Nika, E. (2022). The Albanian film industry after the fall of the Communist system and the challenges it faces in the international market. Polis, 21(2), 70–76.

https://doi.org/10.58944/hbze8066

by, Associate Professor Dr. Belina BUDINI The topic of the international state building in general (more…)

by, Dr. Ferit HYSA, Dr. Alison TAYSUM

Abstract

This study is a Ground Work Case in Albania which aims to reveal how adults talking with children can build relationships between the adult and the children to support the children’s appropriate development through the four phases of Bowlby’s attachment theory. If trauma is experienced which is not the fault of the child or the preferred caregiver, the child can become stuck and unable to develop the mental models required to become self-determining and live a good life with the conditions for homeostasis (continued life) with good faculty of judgement. This has implications for adults who may have experience trauma, through no fault of their own, who have not passed through the phases of attachment theory, and are expected to support children through the phases of attachment theory with no working mental model of what that looks like. A groundwork case was conducted in a city in Albania with kindergarten staff and revealed i) the curriculum of kindergarten staff’s qualification did include attachment theory, ii) kindergarten staff were unaware of attachment theory. Findings reveal the Covid pandemic 19 has caused trauma that is preventing children from passing through the phases of attachment theory leading to poor working mental models and poor mental health. A Blueprint for Character Development for Evolution (ABCDE) is presented as an incremental model to enable staff, students and parents to evaluate progress through the phases of attachment theory and moving from fear to good faculty of judgment required for self-determining homeostasis. How to cite: Hysa, F., & Taysum, A. (2022). Using a blueprint for character development for evolution (ABCDE) to build relationships through talk to mobilise attachment theory to develop children’s working mental models for good choices that regulate continued good lives. Polis, 21(2), 12–33.

https://doi.org/10.58944/ndkb1142

by, Mónika FODOR-GARAI Phd.habil, Janos VARGA Phd, Agnes CSISZARIK-KOCSIR PhD.habil

Abstract

In this paper, I present the results of empirical research and practical pilot programmes carried out in the frame of an international project. The project was about the promotion of pro bono activities among university students, involving corporate experts and non-profit companies. The conclusions of the research and the pilot programmes implemented over two years, several of which were digitally implemented during the covid period, show that young people are open to volunteering and willing to participate in well-organised and prepared pro bono activities. For higher education institutions, integrating pro bono into the curricular portfolio is an excellent way to increase the practicality of education, strengthen business links and, last but not least, increase young people’s social awareness. The particular value of the pro bono activities carried out digitally during the covid period is how the volunteer programme was able to adapt to the challenges of the virus situation and how it was able to successfully implement pro bono programmes in the online space, involving corporate professionals, non-profit grantees, and academic experts. The conclusions could be useful for professionals in higher education as well as for non-profit organizations on how to make knowledge-sharing pro bono activities work to the benefit of all stakeholders on how to make knowledge-sharing pro bono activities work to the benefit of all stakeholders. How to cite: Fodor-Garai, M., Varga, J., & Csiszarik-Kocsir, A. (2022). Volunteering opportunities in higher education. Polis, 21(2), 5–11.

https://doi.org/10.58944/sblm4106

by Dr. Miranda PRIFTI, Msc. Dritan IDRIZI

Abstract

Nowadays communication has taken on momentum like never before in human history. We all aim to be informed faster and easier through technology. The extensive use of social media attracted the attention of many companies, organizations, and political entities to conduct their online campaigns thus being closer to their target groups in meeting the objectives. The Internet and social networks are forcing public communicators of all fields, to change, alienate and adapt. Internet was expected to be an instrument of ‘empowerment’, with the ability to nurture political life and facilitate political mobilization. And while today we are aware that this digital divide has brought inequality to political life, we are also aware of the role that the new media is playing in elevating important political figures. How to cite: Prifti, M., & Idrizi, D. (2022). The challenges of new media and the influence of politics. Polis, 21(1), 7–13.

https://doi.org/10.58944/ssel8963

by Msc. Irsa QOSJA

Abstract

This study aims to investigate the effects that the use of social networks has on shaping or changing young people’s behaviors regarding political issues. The method used to carry out this work is a mixture of qualitative and quantitative methods. Primary and secondary data were used. Information and secondary data have been collected through research on various studies, books, websites, and articles, which have been accessed from reliable and serious sources. Primary data were collected using a questionnaire, which aimed to collect information about the use of social networks by young people and the impact of these networks in shaping or changing the attitudes of young people towards political issues. From the literature research and from the analysis of the data collected through the questionnaire it resulted that social networks have a significant impact on the political behaviors and attitudes of young people. How to cite: Qosja, I. (2022). The impact of social media on youth political behavior. Polis, 21(1), 14–22.

https://doi.org/10.58944/njtx1623

by Msc. Erisela MARKO

Abstract

This study investigates the effects of computer games on teenagers in Famagusta, Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. Most games are inspired from other media as books, TV, films, etc. For this kind of media entertainment, the term ‘passive entertainment’ is used. However, computer games and video games are considered as ‘interactive entertainment’. Computer games are interactive because they make people to feel that they are inside the story. 400 teenagers, 200 boys and 200 girls participated in this research from four different schools in Famagusta. Two of the schools are high schools and two others are secondary schools. Each participant completed a questionnaire with 35 closed-ended questions. The data were collected and analyzed by using SPSS 10.00 program. Using the data gathered with the questionnaire, whether playing computer games affects the children’s school performance; whether decreases their participation on social activities; whether evokes aggressive behavior; and whether causes the feeling of loneliness is discussed. How to cite: Marko, E. (2022). The effects of new communication technologies on teenagers: The case study of computer games. Polis, 21(1), 23–57.

https://doi.org/10.58944/mwgo1113

by Msc. Marjo SHABANAJ, Msc. Bora SULKA

Abstract

Physical development refers to the level of growth and control over muscles, coordination and the ability to sit, stand, walk and run. Motor development is part of physical development and refers to increasing a child’s ability to use their body and physical abilities. (Darlene Tanck, Dolly’s Daycare, Merrill, Teresa Storm, Tender Times Child Care, Amery, John Ratey, MD. Harvard Psychiatrist) Motor development can be divided into gross motor skills and net motor skills. (Darlene Tanck, Dolly’s Daycare, Merrill, Teresa Storm, Tender Times Child Care, Amery, John Ratey, MD. Harvard Psychiatrist). Measurement of body mass index in children by the method (BMI) weight / height2. Measurement of maximum oxygen consumption VO2 max by indirect measurement, Comparison of BMI between boys and girls and maximum oxygen consumption. Comparison of data obtained from tests obtained from maximal oxygen consumption and measurement of body mass index in children aged 6-7 years to highlight the difference or not of these abilities between the two sexes. The relationships between body weight, obesity and health have been extensively studied. Although the primary role of adiposes is to replace triglycerides, they play a more complex role, in the production of many hormones, prohormones, cytokines, and enzymes with autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine actions or actions. In the state of obesity, the production of proteins derived from adipose tissue is increased, causing significant health consequences. There are regional differences in protein production in adipose tissue. Expansion of adipose tissue deep in the organs has negative effects on the body on hormonal functions and metabolism which contribute to the development of diseases and other chronic health problems. How to cite: Shabanaj, M., & Sulka, B. (2022). Physical qualities and body mass index in children. Polis, 21(1), 70–93.

https://doi.org/10.58944/smzy9647

by, Dr. Dorina XHANI, Dr. Brunilda HOXHAJ, MSc Sara HYSENAJ

Abstract

Oppositional Defiant Behavioral (ODD) deals with problems of controlling emotions and behaviors. According to the Diagnostic Manual (DSM-V), the main characteristics of ODD are the persistence of irritated/angry moods, hostile and defiant behavior, and revenge against others. The prevalence of oppressive defiant disorder ranges from 1% to 11% (American Psychiatric Association, 2013), and uncooperative, opposing, and hostile behaviors toward parents, teachers, other authoritarian figures, and their peers. The article is compiled by collecting data from the literature about the specifics of this disorder. In this way, detailed information is provided about the history, diagnostic criteria, various causes that may affect the occurrence of this disorder, as well as information about various therapeutic interventions and how they affect this disorder. This paper was developed through a qualitative method, specifically with a case study, where a deliberate sample was selected, which meets the three pre-established criteria: to have been diagnosed with the oppressive defiant disorder; be around the age of 4-6 years; as well as pursue therapeutic interventions based on the behavioral approach. The paper raises two research questions regarding the impact of this disorder on the daily life of a 4-year-old and the impact that therapeutic intervention with a behavioral approach has on improving this daily life. The study was conducted through information obtained about the case through the method of triangulation of resources (parents, therapist, educator), as well as from direct activity environments. A high number of psychosocial and biological risk factors have been identified to influence the occurrence of this disorder. Studies have also been conducted on the best ways to intervene and treat this disorder, where behavioral approaches were noted to be amongst the most used interventions. How to cite: Xhani, D., Hoxhaj, B., & Hysenaj, S. (2022). Odd impact in daily life of children 4-6 years old. Polis, 21(1), 94–106.

https://doi.org/10.58944/ftkl9756

by, Lorela DEMA, Stela KAPO, Jonad KOSOVA, Eneda Sala

Abstract

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder associated with persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts and restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviour, interests, or activities. The ways in which autism, culture and the education system interact have not yet been explored sufficiently, even more so when it comes to Albania. Through literature reviews, interviews, and case studies we aim to further investigate how autism is assessed and treated within the Albanian school system and how culture can affect the parent-teacher-child triangle. We also investigate the implementation of laws and policies regarding inclusive education, and its benefits to autistic individuals, specifically in the development of social skills that further help them to integrate into society. We also try to figure out the difficulties autistic individuals face within the school system and in their day-to-day life in Albania, as well as how Autism Spectrum Disorder affects the families of these individuals. This qualitative study found that the reality in Albania is not supportive enough towards autistic individuals. With further research into the field, we might be able to back this statement up with empirical data as well as figure out how this condition can be improved. How to cite: Dema, L., Kapo, S., Kosova, J., & Sala, E. (2022). The approach of the Albanian reality to autism spectrum disorder. Polis, 21(1), 107–127.

https://doi.org/10.58944/zhvs6115

by, Msc. Dritan BORIÇI

Abstract

In this article we will try to offer a new perspective on the theater, and we will try to include the theater in other spaces to create artistic values, including digital technology. Since its beginning, the theater space has been a place to see, to watch, to present, to perceive, to understand. So, in a basic sense, theater has been and is a first pathway. At the core of the theatrical experience – as Peter Brook suggests – is the act of watching and being watched. Throughout the history of Western culture, the theater has been a primitive dance circle, a Greek amphitheater, a church, an Elizabethan stage, a market square, a garage, a street, a front stage theater, a Broadway theater, a theater house university, a restored warehouse or recently, even a digital platform on our laptop, computer, or mobile phone. Close-up theater is a continuation of the conceptual changes that took place with theater spaces – and therefore – with the way of watching theater. In the past decades, Jerzy Grotowski in Poland, Ariane Mnoushkin in Paris, Peter Shuman in Vermont and Peter Brook from Africa in Avignon, France, have organized the theater space in different ways to bring the audience and the actors as close as possible to each. How to cite: Boriçi, D. (2022). Close up theater – an innovation in stage art studies. Polis, 21(1), 128–137.

https://doi.org/10.58944/rshg1308

by, Dr. Blegina Hasko BEZO

Abstract

The rapid pace of societal change and the proliferation of new technologies are changing practically every area of our personal and professional lives, including how we work, think, play, communicate, send, and disseminate information. Use of technology in education has an impact on teacher-student interaction. Innovation is a global paradigm shift in each aspect of our society, including the community of education, transforming itself and its functioning. With the development of modern technology, the process of teaching art is changing. Over the last decade, computers have begun to play another role in the great benefits of art education. Images in an electronic format can no longer be separated from the basic composition of art education. Electronic media has changed the way art is taught, students learning about art, and ultimately the way art teachers understand art lessons. The relationship that has been established between art and computer technology is critical in defining the future of the educational system. Throughout history, the worlds of art and art education have employed technology in their processes. Art teachers are now responsible for teaching not only traditional subjects but also image-processing technologies. Crucial to future teaching is how teachers will integrate and combine traditional teaching tools, processes, and ways of thinking about Art with the new tools, new processes and thinking skills needed to blend and utilize the complex variety of information concepts in today’s world. This paper elaborates on how computers and related technologies can be applied in teaching art, the extent of the impact that computer-assisted art has on art students, and the utilization of technology to ameliorate the teaching of strategies of thinking and learning and the development of art-centered cognitive skills. How to cite: Bezo, B. (2022). Digitalization in educational systems.teaching art in the age of Computer Technology. Polis, 21(1), 138–144.

https://doi.org/10.58944/kyzu7096

by, Dr. Ermir NIKA

Abstract

In the efforts of invoking the part of world novels, and especially in the appearance of modernism in this genre, we have managed to penetrate in the developing of the novel, where we got to know some of the worldly experiences in this direction, be it in Germany, as well as in the United States of America. Further on, these processes would not only interfere naturally, but they would also renovate time after time, even during European literature developments in general, and specifically in Albanian literature. Thus, due to literature and the number of materials referring to these periods, we have been able to master a clear picture of the cultural panorama, nationally and internationally, regarding some of the key moments, which thanks to their main protagonists, made it possible for the Albanian novel of postwar, to not fit only in the inset of semantic creations, but to also come closer to the most advanced models of writings of the time, and to follow its artistic and national originality, as well as to become part of the process of aesthetic and literary evolution in international level. The main aim in fulfilling this work is the research in the directions that Albanian literature of postwar took, as well as the definition and the assessment of mutual points that stood out in the process of evolution of our national literature, as an integral part of supranational culture and literature. One of the main features that can be noticed in this period is the unnatural detachment of literature from its tradition and powerful impact, which is also unnatural, and what also practiced on it, the creative experience of the method of socialist realism. However, this whole movement did not happen while detached from the developments and transformations that the literary process incurred in Europe and beyond. It was exactly the models and the climate dominating in the world of European and worldly literature, the main factor that manifested its effects and impact during Albanian literature developments. How to cite: Nika, E. (2022). Features of the modern Albanian novel. Polis, 21(1), 145–149.

https://doi.org/10.58944/kdjz6635

by, Dr. Majlinda HALA, Dr. Blegina Hasko BEZO

Abstract

This paper seeks to analyze lullabies – the folkloric creativity dedicated to children, which comes naturally through the mother’s mouth to the child. The lullabies under consideration have become part of the literary analysis about the meter, verse, literary figures as well as any particular characteristics by the provinces they come from, wanting to highlight and discover the psychological and emotional world that the mother has expressed through the verses. for the child. Epithets, comparisons, metaphors, alliterations, etc., and the approximation in the selection of stylistic figures make us think that this is the result of the commonality of the mother’s perceptions of the world around her. The presented materials come as comprehensive research, capturing creations from various regions of Albania and are part of folklore creations for children. As such, they constitute an indisputable wealth for the Albanian oral folklore and a national treasure that must be identified, conserved, used and transmitted to current and future generations. How to cite: Hala, M., & Bezo, B. (2022). Lullabies, language analysis and features. Polis, 21(1), 150–168.

https://doi.org/10.58944/ivbf6427

by, Bjorni TANE, Klerisa AZUNI, Enkeleda STAFA

Abstract

Leonard Hobhouse was a British sociologist, journalist and philosopher (more…)

by. Drs. Gerry H. STEGEMAN

Introduction

Higher education supports students in acquiring competences: a mix of knowledge, skills and attitudes. Experience has shown that it is precisely attitude and skills that ensure a better connection to the labor market, in whatever sector in whatever country. This article examines the developments and experiences in authentic learning environments in relation to international aspects of citizenship education. It discusses the possibilities and limitations of the use of extended reality in general and in this context. The author links this to the educational and societal developments in Albania and her home country The Netherlands, during and after COVID-19, and shares her thoughts on the need for continuing attention on new forms of citizenship education. The pandemic makes it necessary to reconsider past self-evident interpersonal relations and international relations. How to Cite: Stegeman, G. H. (2021). Citizenship education, international competences and extended reality: Immerse yourself. Polis, 20(2), 5–26.

https://doi.org/10.58944/gest3408

by, Dr. Gerti SQAPI

Abstract

During the three decades since Albania overthrew the communist dictatorial system and began its democratic changes, the existence of a line of thought in Albanian society has been noted, which tends to explain the behaviour of Albanian politicians during the transition period based on the assumption of a “communist mentality” carried by them. This line of thought has often been dominant and has been reflected in the Albanian media and public space as a form of “main” explanation to show many of the failures that Albanian democracy has faced during these 30 years, the authoritarian behaviour of political elites, the “state capture” by political parties, the crisis of state institutions, etc. Applying the concept of “communist mentality” in the Albanian media and public space and explaining through it (almost) any kind of negative phenomenon, problem, or behaviour that contradicts the idea of democracy or prevents it from developing, is very problematic, therefore it has served as an impetus in undertaking this study. In this paper, a critical approach will be offered to this discourse that has often dominated the Albanian media and public space, questioning whether is this “communist mentality” the determining factor for the behaviour of Albanian politicians and the failures of Albanian democracy or there are other factors that may explain these phenomena. How to cite: Sqapi, G. (2021). Does the communist mentality explain the behaviour of Albanian politicians during the transition period? Polis, 20(2), 88–102.

https://doi.org/10.58944/btfs3973

by, Sabina BELSHAKU (PhD), Dorina XHANI (PhD)

Abstract

Domestic violence is a growing concern for  Albanian society. Gender-based violence-oriented studies have focused on physical, sexual, and psychological manifestations or their consequences. There is still no study to refer to the socioeconomic cost of violence against women in Albania. Knowledge of the economic causes and consequences of the problem is important to enable society to deal with it constructively and correctly. It should be noted that the financial/economic costs that accompany the phenomenon of domestic violence, result as one of the factors that lead the family to deepen poverty and also limit women’s opportunities for development. The purpose of this study is to describe the economic cost of violence against women. This study seeks to draw attention to the economic aspect of this phenomenon – the economic cost of violence experienced by women. Although the socio-economic cost of domestic violence requires a very complex and advanced study and especially an efficient statistical system (administrative resources), it is important to clarify that this study is an attempt to present how much it costs a family, violence against women in marital relationships. An important finding of this study is the fact that there is a cause-and-effect relationship in the relationship between domestic violence and the economic situation of the family. So in a family in which violence is present in many forms, its economic situation is significantly affected. In addition to the individual consequences of the psychosocial cost of pain and suffering, interpersonal violence has a number of economic effects at the population level, including reduced credibility in economic, legal, and social structures. How to cite: Belshaku, S., & Xhani, D. (2021). Domestic violence and its economic costs. Polis, 20(2), 27–43.

https://doi.org/10.58944/ynhu2044

by, Dr. Anjeza XHAFERAJ

Abstract

When parties and interest groups interact, they can do so in several ways which could be on an informal level, lobbying for a party candidate, or group representatives approach party leaders in the parliament to lobby them on an issue. There is a plethora of studies on the extent to which major political parties and major interests have related in the past and continue to relate or interact at the organizational level. Researchers have investigated to what extent parties and groups had formal organizational ties, cooperated in elections, or worked in concert on developing and implementing policies. Factors that for decades have determined the relationship between political parties and interest groups in liberal democracies are political system and subsystem development, political culture and political ideology, centralization of government and policymaking, nature of the party system, political party dependence on interest groups, encompassing characteristics of the interest group system, interest group development, ideology, and leadership. However, the pandemic has influenced to a great extend the relationship between interest groups and politics. While Covid-19 crisis has consolidated power within governments, leaving opposition parties in a bind, on the other hand it has galvanized interest groups and businesses to mobilize. The pandemic has opened up the lobbying playing field to many new players. The paper aims to investigate to what extend the pandemic has influenced the relationship between political parties, government and interest groups and what strategies have these last ones used to get heard in a time when social distancing has reduced the opportunities for face-to-face lobbying. How to cite: Xhaferaj, A. (2021). How pandemic has influenced the game between interest groups and politics. A theoretical model. Polis, 20(2), 103–113.

https://doi.org/10.58944/qqwu4948

by, Klementin MILE, PhD

Abstract

This article aims at clarifying the medial concept of power, by making use of the work of the eminent German sociologist and social theorist Niklas Luhmann. It will be argued that this medial concept of power has clear theoretical advantage over other attempts at conceptualising power. This is so in that the medial concept of power manages to overcome the challenges of philosophical critique, especially the charge of ontological burden and essentialist presuppositions. On the other hand, the medial concept of power manages to position itself in the interface between sociology and political science, proving useful for both disciplines, something that other concepts of power cannot do. The article starts with Luhmann’s critique of the classical theories of power, by identifying eight problems. Then some consideration is given to the analysis of power as medium, where the main ideas of Luhmann and Foucault seem to converge. Next, in order to further clarify the medial concept of power, the article deals with the question of influence, which ought to be distinguished from power. After this, the article takes a sociological twist, by giving an account of the transformation of power in modern society. How to cite: Mile, K. (2021). How to conceptualise power? Polis, 20(2), 44–55.

https://doi.org/10.58944/yver2025

by, Sevim MUSTAFA, Naim FANAJ, Erika MELONASHI

Abstract

Morality is a complex, multifaceted aspect of being human. Moral development and moral education are increasingly being discussed by educators, psychologists, counselors, and parents. This paper aims to provide a literature review (books, research paper, and gray literature) regarding issues of Morality Development and Education in Gifted and Talented youths. The objective was to understand moral development in gifted youth and teaching strategies that foster the educational needs in moral issues of gifted students. There is a dearth of empirical research regarding the moral development of the gifted. It is known from earlier empirical research that intelligence tends to correlate with high levels of moral reasoning and that gifted individuals tend to grapple with moral issues at an earlier age and more often with more intensity than their peers. However, the relationship between intelligence and morality is a very complex one and needs more detailed study. The results of some studies reveal that there are qualitative differences in the moral reasoning of gifted youths. Hence, high intellectual ability does not predict mature moral judgment. Research regarding teaching strategies address the traditional approach involving teachers explicitly advocating virtues, separate classes on moral and ethical behavior, or educational programs for social and moral abilities enhancement in selected groups of gifted adolescents. Furthermore, research indicates that we need to be able to recognize the moral concerns of children and provide appropriate guidance and feedback, nurturing moral growth. Therefore, we should help the gifted to reach moral excellence together with excellence in specific domains. Recommendations include educational programs for social and moral abilities enhancement in selected groups of gifted youths. How to cite: Mustafa, S., Fanaj, N., & Melonashi, E. (2021). Issues of moral development and education in gifted and talented youth. Polis, 20(2), 56–72.

https://doi.org/10.58944/ewfw8404

by, Naim FANAJ, Sevim MUSTAFA, Erika MELONASHI

Abstract

Immediately after the onset of the pandemic, some scholars speculated that people with serious mental illnesses would be at uniquely high risk during this period. Recent studies show that people with serious mental illness are at increased risk of being infected by Covid-19 and have higher subsequent rates of hospitalization, morbidity, and mortality. There are studies that also show that stress caused by the Covid-19 pandemic and restrictive measures can precipitate and worsen psychotic symptoms. Our aim was to understand the mental state of the mentally ill people at one Mental Health Center in Prizren, Kosovo as a result of the situation created by Covid-19. It’s a cross-sectional study. 91 patients diagnosed with severe mental illness (Schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders) and 47 their primary caregivers were interviewed via phone calls or directly about their mental state. Findings showed that 15.2% of the sample didn’t use medication regularly while 27% didn’t follow the pandemic rules/restrictions. The level of self-care was not present in about 24.6 % of the sample. Also, participants reported the presence of somatic complaints (26.1%), aggression (23.2%), nervousness (21%), fear (20.3%), and suicidal thoughts (2.9%). Moreover, 13.8% of patients were not in a good mood and 12.3% did not sleep well. Our findings are in line with studies reporting that schizophrenic patients are unimpressed by the Covid-19 situation. A quarter to one-fifth of patients with severe mental illness showed signs of deterioration. It is difficult to conclude on the extent of their suffering and further studies are needed. Further studies should determine the level and modes of impact of Covid-19 on this vulnerable category of the population. How to cite: Fanaj, N., Mustafa, S., & Melonashi, E. (2021). The impact of COVID-19 on severe mentally ill patients in one mental health center in Kosovo. Polis, 20(2), 73–87.

https://doi.org/10.58944/hpnm9000

by Prof. As. Dr. Belina BUDINI UET Press (2021)

Introduction

This issue of Polis focuses on Education in Albania (more…)

by Prof. Dr. Adrian PAPAJANI UET Press (2021)

Abstract

The study aims to provide a concise overview of the progress (more…)

https://doi.org/10.58944/kpug2790

by Prof. Asoc. Dr. Tomi TRESKA & Dr. Lindita TRESKA & Msc. Ani TRESKA UET Press (2021)

Abstract

Homeroom Teacher (HT) today in Albania is a school teacher (more…)

https://doi.org/10.58944/tbnm1325

by Dr. Blendi KAJSIU UET Press (2021)

Abstract

This is a summary of some of the main arguments and (more…)

https://doi.org/10.58944/rqpk9406

by PhD. Cand. Nail ISUFI UET Press (2021)

Abstract

Human rights and freedoms are of particular importance (more…)

https://doi.org/10.58944/lywk1528

by Dr. Irena MYZEQARI UET Press (2021)

Abstract

There is an increasing need for more communication from the scientific (more…)

https://doi.org/10.58944/unxo2900

by PhD (c). Etleva HAXHIHYSENI & Dr. Briseida ANDONI  & MSc. Gerti METANI UET Press (2021)

Abstract

The upward growing of globalization and the constant (more…)

https://doi.org/10.58944/vtkp1864

by Dr. Gerti SQAPI UET Press (2021)

Abstract

For almost three decades, social capital has become an important (more…)

https://doi.org/10.58944/jcmc5222

by Msc. Erisela MARKO & Msc. Kamin GOUNAILI UET Press (2021)

Abstract

This study aims to find out the factors that affect eye contact (more…)

https://doi.org/10.58944/wjhe2682

by Dr.Blegina HASKO BEZO & Majlinda HALA UET Press (2021)

Abstract

This article seeks to provide data on how well the learning (more…)

https://doi.org/10.58944/jlun7100

by Bora SULKA & Dorjan ISUFAJ & Marjo SHABANAJ UET Press (2021)

Abstract

The purpose of the study is that physical education and profiling (more…)

by MSc. Albana XHEMALI & MSc. M.A. Elona HASKO UET Press (2021)

Abstract

The support/assistant teachers, who work with special (more…)

by Dr. Brunilda DERVISHAJ HOXHAJ & Dr. Dorina XHANI UET Press (2021)

Abstract

Aging can be considered not only from the perspective (more…)

by Msc. Malvina KOSOVA & Msc. Elena SIMONOFSKI UET Press (2021)

Abstract

Leadership can be defined as the ability of a leader (more…)

by, Blendi Lami

Abstract

The current defense doctrine of European Union uses two main concepts regarding the Western Balkans: security and preservation of the status quo. In the absence of a relatively stable security in its periphery, specifically Western Balkan countries, Europe seeks to maintain a special status quo, because it can’t allow this space to fall into the other powers influence. In this respect, EU seems to be acting based on specific limited interest. Observing recent moves, the European Union is reluctant to engage in a “geopolitical war” with other powers, which can be avoided by including Western Balkans into EU. The drafting of the strategy for such area (first signs given in the Berlin process) and possible opening the negotiations with Albania and Macedonia will make the EU a stronger geopolitical player, as it is competing with Russia, China and Turkey, but it is also suffering from internal problems – from enlargement fatigue to populist movements, endangering its own existence. How to cite: Lami, B. (2020). Albania’s road toward the European Union through Security Dimension. Polis, 19(2), 15–24.

https://doi.org/10.58944/dzup5341

by, Klementin MILE

Abstract

Albanian politics is customarily characterised as producing tension and conflict to serious degrees. There is also the critique that part of this conflict is entirely artificial (i.e. not occasioned by objective reasons that one can find in the reality of society) and could have, therefore, not been generated at all in the first place. This description of politics certainly has its merits, since it directs our attention to a problem that seems to bring along other problems for the society. However, one can also view the production of tension and conflict as solution to a problem, even though this might only be a political problem. Then, this problem runs the risk of not receiving any attention, for all attention is focused on the solution; it remains latent and, because of this, highly productive in undesirable consequences. Here we will use another viewpoint in order to elucidate the phenomenon of political conflict as well as to provide guidelines for solution. How to cite: Mile, K. (2020). Political conflict as a solution. Polis, 19(2), 5–14.

https://doi.org/10.58944/sqih1952

by, Lutjona LULA

Abstract

In this paper, I will present the current situation in Tirana related to international buses and the lack of the bus station. The city has experienced changes and development after the fall of communism, trying to catch up with Western neo-liberal cities. One of the main features of globalization and contemporary cities is the mobility of people, goods and information. In Tirana, the mobility of people as such exists, but unlike other cities even in the region, there is not a central bus station that regulates the information about traveling. I will try to analyze this phenomenon by focusing on the transition period and urban planning and to see what actually this tells about the capital city and its citizens. The methodology used is desk research and observation, by using the city as a case study. The paper mainly uses the concepts of Auge, Lefebvre and Amin and their theoretical approaches to analyze cities. How to cite: Lula, L. (2020). Post-communist Tirana: Lost in Transportation. Polis, 19(2), 38–48.

https://doi.org/10.58944/sprg5002

by, Ana KEKEZI

Abstract

Tourism sector have become lately a key sector for the Albanian economy. Promotion and marketing are identified as main pillars to tourism sector. Protected Areas as a tourism destination is a new concept to Albanian citizens and stakeholders given isolation of these areas during communism regime. On the other hand the promotion of PAs to enhance tourism is also a new practice followed by government and stakeholders, during the last decade only. A crucial phenomena of the present decade reshaping the world, is the worldwide accessibility to the internet. New media is increasing immensely its usage and is gaining significant ground each year toward traditional media. This study will bring light on how new media influence and impacts the promotion of PAs in Albania as tourism destinations, as researchers have called for further studies in developing countries on this field of study. How to cite: Kekezi, A. (2020). The impact of new media in the promotion of Protected Areas as tourism destination (Albania). Polis, 19(2), 60–86.

https://doi.org/10.58944/jhmv2342

by, Alexey FOMINYKH, Eldar KURBANOV, Oleg VOROBIEV

Abstract

The paper analyses the impact of the REBUS project (REady for BUSiness) on development of student-centered learning (SCL) at Volga State University of Technology, one of the two Russian universities participating in the EU funded Erasmus+ endeavor to introduce entrepreneurial education for engineering students. Along with mobility, lifelong learning and employability, SCL composes philosophical grounds of a European Higher Education Area. Such tools as ECTS, Diploma Supplement and Qualification Frameworks are all aimed to help students to achieve certain learning outcomes, or statements that describe the knowledge 50 POLIS No. 19, ISSUE 2/ 2020 or skills students acquire by the end of a particular assignment, and help students understand why that knowledge and those skills will be useful to them. The authors perceive SCL as a complex phenomenon, representing both a mindset and culture of teaching and learning. In practice, it deploys innovative methods of teaching, and fostering transferable skills such as problem solving, critical thinking and reflecting thinking. The Russian government signed the Bologna declaration in 2003, thus giving path to series of reforms aimed at modernization of national university system, and increase of global competitiveness of Russian higher education institutions. Since that, Russia has taken extensive efforts to adjust its higher education system to European standards. One of the most prominent steps was move towards Bachelor’s – Master’s – Postgraduate learning cycles in the vast majority of universities, along with introduction of mobility programmes, ECTS-like credit transfer system and Diploma Supplement. However, not too much has been changed at programme and classroom level to make learning process more student-centered. The authors argue that REBUS project with its intense use of blended learning, personalized tools for validation of competences and skills, and international mobility has created a new type of studentteacher relationship within one piloting programme, and can serve as a good example of SCL in practice. How to cite: Fominykh, A., Kurbanov, E., & Vorobies, O. (2020). The Rebus Project at Volga Tech: On the way towards student-centered learning. Polis, 19(2), 49–59.

https://doi.org/10.58944/xdlz9993

by, Gerti SQAPI

Abstract

In these 28 years after the transformation of the system from a communist to the democratic one and toward a market economy, the democratization of Albania has faced various problems, which have often led to the loss of public trust in the political class and the political system in general. This loss of public trust, in large part of the cases, has come as a result of the public discovery of various corruption scandals, political clientelism, illicit influences, or a political decision-making process that is often conceived as closed and monopoly of those who have been elected or appointed to leading positions. For this purpose, that of channeling and controlling the impacts that particular vested interests exert on the decision-making process, a good part of countries in Europe in the last years, have begun to consider undertaking regulatory reforms for lobbying in their environments. The main objective of regulating lobbying activity in Albania on a legal basis would be precisely the handling/curbing of such informal relationships that exist at various levels between interest groups and decision-makers and which are often on corrupt and clientelistic grounds. This paper argues that the best system for regulating lobbying in Albania should be that of a statutory type, in which lobbyists on a legal basis be obliged to register in a publicly accessible register and to disclose data on critical aspects of their activity. How to cite: Sqapi, G. (2020). Why it should be regulated and which system of Lobbying Regulation for Albania? Polis, 19(2), 25–37.

https://doi.org/10.58944/xmmy3816

by Prof. Asoc. Dr. Belina BUDINI

Abstract

Albania depicted as the most mysterious, isolated, forgotten Balkan country on the part of the international news media, is by no means an exception. It is common today as it was almost 100 years ago for western media outlets to find not so flattering exceptionalities in the Albanian land, in its politics and its people. When it comes to this “tiny, little country”, journalistic codes of American and British media give a rather coherent subject in international terms, despite their respective editorial lines. The Economist and Time magazines are compared and contrasted here in accordance with the media functional equivalence approach, despite their different political or editorial alignments, in order to understand their coverage of a rather distant international subject such as that of Albania in the context of the Balkans. The empirically measured media content on the subject of Albania is dispersed and sporadic through years, events and focus. However, the inconsistent coverage and stance given to the subject does translate into a rather constant view or representation through time. The research shows that this is almost a script 100 years old with few nuances, perpetuating therefore an abnormal image and reputation of Albania and the Balkans overall in international terms. The comparative media content analysis of Time magazine and The Economist show how the western media construction of the country as an “abnormal other” still prevails, despite an evolving historical context for Albania as well as other Balkan countries who are also reported in the same vein over time. To look at this more closely, the search and findings are first organized separately in terms of quantitative and qualitative data and then are compared and contrasted in terms of the extent, nature and frames of their coverage. How to cite: Budini, B. (2020). Comparative representations of Albania in time and the economist magazines. Polis, 19(1), 5–25.

https://doi.org/10.58944/xsfq3358

by Klementin Mile PhD

Abstract

Blood feud is one of the most prominent elements of customary law that has been practiced in Albania for centuries. It was an adequate tool of restoring justice while there was no independent Albanian state, but today it is a problematic extra-legal practice that negatively affects the socio-economic life of those involved in it. On the other hand, its existence undermines the very functioning of Albanian state institutions, public security and state legitimacy. Referring to systems theory, the phenomenon of blood feud may be analysed in three dimensions along which it presents itself as a problem to Albanian society: definition, control, and consensus. Since this article aims to answer why blood feud has lasted for centuries in the Albanian soil, we shall focus only on the definition and consensus problems. How can blood feud be adequately defined, so that no ambiguities and abuses result from it? How can one build consensus against blood feud as a social practice? We argue that blood feud should be defined as a legal sanction, which is also the way it is understood by those who practice it. Furthermore, it is crucial to achieve consensus against this phenomenon, especially in those areas most affected by it. We argue that efforts must concentrate on strategies and mechanisms of trust building. How to cite: Mile, K. (2020). The lasting problem of blood feud. Polis, 19(1), 26–35.

https://doi.org/10.58944/tvbl9528

by Teresa GOMEZ-DIAZ & Tomas RECIO

Abstract

Our proposal of an Open Science definition as a political and legal framework where research outputs are shared and disseminated in order to be rendered visible, accessible, reusable is developed, standing over the concepts enhanced by the Budapest Open Science Initiative (BOAI), and by the Free/Open Source Software (FOSS) and Open data movements. We elaborate this proposal through a detailed analysis of some selected EC policies and laws as well as of the function of research evaluation practices. The legal aspects considered in our examination include, in particular, the study of the role of licences in the context of the dissemination of research outputs. How to cite: Gomez-Diaz, T., & Recio, T. (2020). Towards an open science definition as a political and legal framework: Sharing and dissemination of research outputs. Polis, 19(1), 36–56.

https://doi.org/10.58944/yuro5734

by Dr. Gerti SQAPI

Abstract

One of the main features that has characterized the Albanian political scene during these three decades of democratization, has been the problematic relationship that political parties have had with political ideologies as a linkage mechanism to mobilize their electorate and secure votes in elections. The relationship of Albanian political parties with certain political ideologies can be described as strained and problematic. This has happened because such ideologies have either remained too “tight” to the suit of action or policies that our parties undertook when they were in power, or because political ideologies have not served these parties as an effective instrument, or as a linkage mechanism, to attract votes from the Albanian electorate. In this sense, this paper argues that Albanian political parties have increasingly relied on nonideological instruments and strategies to guarantee what is the main goal of political parties in every country: securing votes in elections. The aim of this paper is to address the causes of the problem of de-ideologization of Albanian political parties, seeing this as a problem that relates to and reflects the social structure of Albanian society during the period of its democratization after the ‘90s. How to cite: Sqapi, G. (2020). Who needs ideologies in Albanian politics? Polis, 19(1), 57–67.

https://doi.org/10.58944/hmrk5161

by Phd Ermir NIKA

Abstract

Albanian and international cultural heritage couldn’t be understood without Polyphony and vice versa, Polyphony would be an endangered value if it was not included and valued as one of the main limbs of cultural heritage. Studies have shown that in it, Polyphony is not and constitutes only a value of the past but at the same time and manner it represents even the most representative features of contemporaries. It still preserves the identity characteristics which have defined it as one of the most original genres of folklore, which testifies to its non-alienation over the centuries against the assimilative spirits that have described the History of Albania. Many local and foreign critics have shed light on and analyzed the artistic evidence of polyphony in different regions, the forms of interpretation and the features of the lyrics in its entirety as well as the history and graphical context. In addition to different opinions, unanimity but also polemics and in different ways of view on this cultural and artistic phenomenon, all scholars have shed light and treated Polyphony from different perspectives by continuously completing the research angle and at the same time emphasizing on its role and importance in preserving and further strengthening the identity of the Albanian society, despite the conditions and influences from other cultures that have described the Albanian socio-cultural climate. Despite the different points of view in period of time spanning, Polyphony is considered as a space where verse joins the sound in completed harmony between them, preserving intact the form and peculiarities of artistic interpretation, as a sign the directness of the country and the role it has played in tradition, as well as in the contemporary and at the same time the future that does not tend to tear or touch this foundation of our society. How to cite: Nika, E. (2020). Polyphony, the memory of earth’s voice. Polis, 19(1), 68–86.

https://doi.org/10.58944/lrem9393

by Ballsor HOXHA

Abstract

The work is a confronting of the phenomenon of – societies with a mission – as in Enver Hoxha’s Communism, with the question of the traitor. In fact, it is a blend of irony and interpretative and theoretical deliberation upon the “lack” of traitors in our collective, this having for a background the recent collective confusion raised upon the “treason” of Martin Camaj and Ernest Koliqi, two key figures of Albanian struggle against this regime, since the initiation of the very same regime. The work takes for an interpretative and theoretical basis three key fiction novels connoting the complex of the traitor and the society with a mission, confronting this phenomenon.” The Journey to The End of The Night” Ferdinand Louis Celine; “Vajza e Agamemnonit” (Agamemnon’s Daughter) Ismail Kadare; “Pasardhesi” (“Successor”) Ismail Kadare. The work is concluded by e graduation of these three fictions to an anti-heroic reality. How to cite: Hoxha, B. (2020). Societies with a mission and the traitor. Polis, 19(1), 87–100.

https://doi.org/10.58944/ases7808

by Msc. Kristi BELLO

Abstract

In the times that we are living, it is becoming more careful are more interesting the preserve of making art and culture part regarding cultural heritage. For their own social and political stages, no initiative or objective can be in school life by any means. Consequently, the designed strategy cannot approach reality spontaneously. Seen in this perspective, today it is presented as an important priority to rise at the institutional level of state, central or local policies, through which can be protected the most defining values of the heritage of the Balkan peoples. Regarding this idea, in my work I have tried to analyze in detail the phenomenon where Polyphony stands out and prevails in Albanian culture and art, as well as by harmonizing it with state policies, to build the first centers of Polyphony concentrated mainly in the South of Albania, as well as in the North of Greece, exactly where the greatest concentration of the delivery and interpretation of Polyphony is located. No goal can be achieved if we will not be able to draft strategic plans or sound studies aimed at preserving or even continuously generating the values of our society. Therefore, since art and culture in themselves do not aim to emphasize in an extreme way the differences between peoples but their approximation, the establishment of polyphonic centers between the two countries Albania and Greece, with the right tools, legislation, and infrastructure, would make possible, the preservation and continuous strengthening of this heritage, without compromising in any means or way the peculiarities or even their distinctive characteristics in creativity and interpretation. How to cite: Bello, K. (2020). Establishing and functioning of a poliphonic center in the area of southern Albania and the north of Greece. Polis, 19(1), 101–121.

https://doi.org/10.58944/vxzl6086

by Dr. Irena MYZEQARI

Introduction

Media is the common denominator of this generation. Every single major event that has happened in our era is being shaped, formed, and transformed by the eyes and insights of those who run mediums. Thus said, instead of looking for facts, today’s people tend to look for those who defined the course of the event and the answer in most of the cases is: the influencers.

by Trevor MORRIS & Simon GOLDSWORTHY

INTRODUCTION

International public relations is more talked about than practiced. It sounds glamorous and contains many of the ingredients which attract people to PR in the first place, but in practice PR seldom travels well: what works in one culture often fails to do so in another. However, one area where there is a genuinely high volume of international PR activity is the realm of branding countries, cities, and places. Usually, this involves a judicious blending of PR activity originating within the place of origin and within the country of the target audience. In a globalised world with ever-freer movement for people, trade and investment, countries now have to compete ever more creatively for favorable publicity. Even countries with controlled media have to look to international public relations campaigns if they want to promote themselves internationally – or at the very least counter unfavorable coverage: however much power they wield at home they cannot dominate or censor all international media outlets. This section looks at the role PR can play in branding countries; similar principles apply to cities, regions and places of all kinds.

https://doi.org/10.58944/tzvt5343

by, Dr. Eugena BISHA

Abstract

In this paper, we aim to discuss the best interest of the child as one of the key principles and priorities of international and domestic law. The purpose of this study is to treat the legal aspect for the best interest of the child especially related to adoption institute and on the possibility of children’s adoption by homosexuals, identification of the most critical cases that are related with it, and ongoing debates about the composition of the family, because more and more homosexuals aim to adopt a child therefore it is very important to clarify the criteria that have to be considered by courts in order to guaranty the best interest of the child. How to cite: Bisha, E. (2019). Best interest of the child. Polis, 18(2), 100–104.

https://doi.org/10.58944/fsgs5490

by, Rovena LIKA

Abstract

Depression is a widespread problem in third age (> 60 years old). A considerable number of elderly people and their relatives fail to recognize the symptoms for a variety of reasons. The presence of depression increases the risk of death and has a negative effect on the life of the elderly. The relationship between depression and the quality of life has often been investigated over the past years. However, in Albania studies concerning third age are very scarce. Therefore the following literature review might contribute to a better understanding of the relationship between depression and the quality of life. The study also aims to identify other aspects or factors affected by this relationship, which in turn will help service providers to promote a better quality of life, identify risk factors leading to depression and implement treatment in due time. This literature review entails articles which meet established criteria and have as their object the quality of life, depression and third aged people. The studies under consideration are cross-sectional, longitudinal, etc. Mental health has an impact on physical health, while the reverse is also true. The elderly exhibiting depression symptoms have generally speaking a poorer quality of life as compared to those who do not experience depression. Also, people having a low quality of life, due to factors such as social support and physical health, are more prone to develop depression. In conclusion, studies have found a link between the level of depression and the quality of life among the elderly. How to cite: Lika, R. (2019). Depression and the quality of life among people of the Third age. Polis, 18(2), 86–99.

https://doi.org/10.58944/seos5656

by, Odeta CACAJ, PhD Candidate & Assoc. Prof. Erika MELONASHI

Abstract

Personality is defined as a set of general, consistent, and distinct patterns of behavior displayed as a reaction to the environment. As personality traits differ across individuals, so do stress coping strategies. Therefore some people use healthier coping strategies (e.g., Active coping, Positive reframing, Planning, Humor etc.) as compared to others, who might employ Self-distraction, Denial, Substance use, Behavioral disengagement etc. The present study aimed to assess whether personality traits (e.g., neuroticism, extraversion, conscientiousness etc.) determine the choice of a specific coping strategy (adaptive or maladaptive). Methodology The sample included 255 participants (Mage=26.45 years, SD=4.4 years), 169 women and 86 men. The measuring instrument was a self-report questionnaire; The Brief Big Five Inventory (BFI) questionnaire was used to measure the 5 personality traits while The Brief Cope questionnaire was used to measure the stress management techniques. Results showed that Neuroticism correlated positively with less adaptive coping strategies, such as self-blame (r=.32 p<.01), substance use (r=.17, p<.01), venting (r=.15, p<.05) and behavioral disengagement (r=.12, p<.05) but negatively correlated with adaptive coping strategies such as humor (r= -.18, p<.01) and active coping (r= -.31, p<.01). Extraversion positively correlated with several adaptive coping strategies such as active coping (r=.19, p<.01), positive reframing (r=.21, p<.01) planning (r=.17, p<.01), humor (r=.27, p<.01) etc. Conscientiousness was also positively correlated with several adaptive coping strategies such as planning (r=.39, p<.01), religion (r=.16, p<.05) and active coping (r=.24, p<.01), and negatively correlated with maladaptive coping strategies such as denial (r= -.16, p<.05) and substance use (r= -.24, p<.01). Agreeableness was positively correlated with several adaptive coping strategies (e.g., use of instrumental support (r=.22, p<.01), active coping (r=.24, p<.01), and negatively correlated with maladaptive coping strategies such as behavioral disengagement, (r= -.12, p<.05) and substance use (r= -.15, p<.05). Openness to experience also showed positive significant relationships with several adaptive strategies such as active coping (r=.23, p<.01), positive reframing (r=.23, p<.01), planning (r=.27, p<.01), humor (r=.19, p<.01), etc.. Results supported the claim that personality characteristics are relevant in the choice of coping strategies, particularly as regards the distinction between healthy and unhealthy coping. Findings are discussed in the context of theoretical and practical implications. How to cite: Cacaj, O., & Melonashi, E. (2019). Personality traits and stress coping strategies among Albanian young adulthoods. Polis, 18(2), 79–85.

https://doi.org/10.58944/cngg5883

by, Florian ÇULLHAJ

Abstract

Experimenting with democracy in Albania has reached a quarter of a century, displaying that democratization is a complex project that begins with the transition but does not always end in consolidation. Therefore, novel approaches and theories that elucidate what occurred after the early transition as well as during it are considered necessary. In western democracies, one of the broadly accepted and well-practised forms of citizen engagement is protest participation. A plethora of authors deem that protest participation is a pivotal activity for the formation of a democratic public as well as an instrument for fostering democratic consolidation. Consequently, as on the one hand, we perceive an upsurge of protest activities in the western countries, hence, on the other, we see a gradual deterioration of protest participation in a Post- Communist country like Albania. Local studies on this topic are sporadic and not as much of participation trends is known of Post-Communist Albanian citizens. While, other sources of participation studies, which stems from western countries tend to construct their analyses based on broad formal questionnaires without analyzing the contrast between protest in democracies and protest in authoritarian regimes. Thus, in this article, we aim to shed light on the correlation between protest participation and state mobilization strategies. More concretely, how the state undertakes to mobilize measures to promote or prevent social movements activities? The answer to the aforesaid question will be in heart of this paper. How to cite: Çullhaj, F. (2019). Starting all over. the politics of protest and the struggle for democratic consolidation in Albania. Polis, 18(2), 20–34.

https://doi.org/10.58944/tocx6025

by, Ariel ORA, Roland SAHATCIJA, Anxhela FERHATAJ

Abstract

Universities are always seeking new teaching methods. The object of their search is to discover and implement effective and efficient ways of teaching methodologies. Modern technology has had an influence in this area, and as a result, new types of teaching are being developed nowadays, for example, the online and hybrid learning. Today, three teaching methods are universally applied in learning: traditional, online, and hybrid learning. In Albania, universities have begun to implement the elements of hybrid learning, such as LMS (Learning Management System). The application of different teaching methods, serves the purpose of a more effective transfer of knowledge among students. Because students can differ from each other. One element which can make them different, is their thinking style. The objective of this study is the analysis of student perception on learning methods based on thinking styles. The descriptive method and quantitative research are utilized for this paper. The research instrument is the questionnaire, which was distributed online. The study sample consists of 190 students from Albanian universities. SPSS 20 and JASP-0.8.5.1 are used to analyze the data in the study. The study concluded that students have different perceptions on hybrid learning. Students belonging to different thinking styles have different preferences with respect to traditional learning, online learning and hybrid learning. There exist differences in perception on two statements on hybrid learning and for one statement on online learning. How to cite: Ora, A., Sahatcija, R., & Ferhataj, A. (2019). Student perception comparison on learning methods based on thinking styles. Polis, 18(2), 35–53.

https://doi.org/10.58944/aikf4379

by, Msc. Kilda GUSHA, Prof. Asoc. Dr. Voltisa LAMA

Abstract

One in four people in the world will be affected by mental or neurological disorders at some point in their lives. Mental disorders are among the leading causes of ill-health and disability worldwide. There is no data on mental health incidence in our country. Scutari is the most important city in the north region of Albania, which provides hospital and daycare mental health services for people living in this area. This retrospective study aimed to estimate the ten-year incidence and time trends of mental health cases, diagnosed in Scutari from 2005 to 2015. Method: All new cases diagnosed in Scutari during 2005-2015 were included in the study. The data were collected from the statistic office registry of mental health Institutions in Scutari. We considered demographic and socioeconomic data, age, diagnosis, timing of first diagnosis and the service which provided the care for each case. It was estimated the incidence per 100.000 inhabitants and it was analysed the time trends over a decade. Results: There were 7620 cases diagnosed in total during ten years. Among them about 83 % (n =6287) were hospital inpatients, while community mental health centers provided inpatient and day care for 17% of cases (n=1333). The incidence ranged from 244 to 378 per 100.000 inhabitants, still there was not much change in the incidence rates over a decade. Community mental health services were established in Scutari in 2010 reflecting the new public health policy. Since 2010 community mental health centers had a rapid increase in figures each year, taking over some of the patients flow from state psychiatric hospital of Scutari which was the only service up to 2010. About 60% of diagnosed psychiatric patients were males versus 40% females; 57% lived in rural areas versus 43% in urban areas. The most prevalent diagnoses according ICD-10 were psychotic disorders (F20-29), followed by mood disorders (F 30-F39). Conclusion Mental disorders were more frequent in this study with a predominance of Schizophrenia. Those problems were more common in male, in patients that live in rural areas, and in unemployed persons. Young people and active age people were also more likely to have mental disorders that indicated an early age of onset for mood, anxiety and alcohol disorders. How to cite: Gusha, K., & Lama, V. (2019). Ten-year incidence and time trends of psychiatric disorders in Scutari from 2005 to 2015. Polis, 18(2), 67–78.

https://doi.org/10.58944/dibo8061

by, Eskja VERO

Abstract

Books play an important role of a teacher, guide, and friend in our life. Why is it important to read books? Why do students need books? This is the great research question we have raised, according to the chairman of the Publishers Association, Petrit Ymeri, which was invited to the UET Forum, in a conversation with students and lecturers at the end of of the 20th edition of the book in Tirana: where he showed the problems facing the book, from VAT to bad translations. One of the concerns raised by UET students in their questions, was the battle of paper book with the digital book and the world of social networks that has involved young people. Concretely, he argued that, “the book is always fashionable, it’s a paper or a digital book, we get it online, download it or not, we read, as Umberto Eco said that we need to flip our eyes when we read on the phone or ipad. The book of paper, continues to be the winner everywhere, because the book of the paper can be re-read. We all know, besides the pleasure we have in our hands, but even when you make a note, you go back to read it again”. (Mapo, 2018). A study published in Social Science & Health shows that reading books has a significant relationship to increase lifespan. A team of public health researchers from Yale University looked at data for 3,635 Americans over age 50 collected from 1992 to 2012. Adjusting for age, sex, race, education, wealth, marital status, and depression they found, that those who read books were more likely to live longer. (Flood, 2016). In this study, we want to measure book readership of students. How many students are currently reading and how to encourage readers of the future? We have compiled a self – questionnaire that measures student involvement with the genre of reading, engagement in fairs, the participation in city libraries, etc. About 80 questionnaires were distributed to see the current situation of students in a Private University (European University of Tirana). How to cite: Vero, E. (2019). The importance of reading books in students’ life. Polis, 18(2), 54–66.

https://doi.org/10.58944/oaou3396

by, Blendi LAMI

Abstract

Turkey is currently a major player in the Balkans, as it is continuously trying to expand its sphere of influence. As part of its foreign policy strategy, Turkey is developing common interests in the region. European Union has changed its policy toward Turkey and, at the same time, Turkey constantly challenges Europe. As history tells us, Balkans have been battleground for clashes of different powers. Turkey is increasing becoming a powerful actor that has to be taken into consideration, even though in the Balkan area it is showing certain limits. The qualitative method is used in the study, referring to secondary data, as it relies on various critical journals entailing Turkish politics, foreign policy and international relations. The study focuses on two main areas: economic relationships and religious influence, through which Turkey is trying to project power into the Balkans. The paper tries to test the hypothesis that economic struggles and Balkans orientation toward European Union have prevented Turkey in fully achieving their goal. How to cite: Lami, B. (2019). Turkey in its quest for more power over Balkans. Polis, 18(2), 5–19.

https://doi.org/10.58944/uyvy1629

By, Cosmin Mihuţ

Abstract

From the years of the Russian occupation (1829-1834), the power of words and the political rhetoric started to exceed the traditional framework, becoming in time the main horizon of affirmation, reproduction and legitimation of power in the Principalities. The traditional structure of the public space, of symbolical averment of the princely power, started to erode allowing the emergence of a public political language that ‘freed’ the political act from the narrow framework of boyar bargains, mediations, conspiracies. Being at the border of tradition and modernity, the practices of the National Party had features specific to both, combining new ideas with older practices and vice-versa. Unlike previous political groups, which extracted their power legitimacy through patronage over society and by managing the social relations (controlling offices), this group differentiated itself by using a public discourse, built on rational criteria (law, liberty), which offered the group a shared identity, appropriated in a political project. How to cite: Mihuţ, C. (2019). An elite of transition. The National Party from Wallachia (1838-1840). Polis, 18(1), 23–38.

https://doi.org/10.58944/uxrk7834

By, Miranda (Çili) Prifti

Abstract

Communication is a process of relation. It is well known that to communicate does not mean only to give a message but also to enter in a relationship in which all perform their own roles and try to create their own image. In this relationship, public (political) communication plays a special role, which in Albania is generally rude and aggressive. Political situations referring to communication is almost all the time, in a kind of pressure, especially during the local elections and parliamentary ones too. Political sides in Albania use special language instruments adding patriarchal and aggressive elements during their debates and discussions. The identification with the party identity is seen as the only way, which can ensure a place and a chair for a woman in a politics driven by man. Taking this role for a woman means having a lot of courage. How to cite: Prifti, M. (2019). Confronting the gender identity with party identity: The Challenge of Political Discourse for a woman. Polis, 18(1), 97–112. https://doi.org/10.58944/xhkp1459

https://doi.org/10.58944/xhkp1459

By, Viliem Kurtulaj

Abstract

At the core of this article are three key concepts: knowledge, power, and freedom. The backwardness of Albanian society, compared to other developed European societies, has urged me to seek and understand how the relationship of Albanian society with these three concepts stands. For a society, it is essential in which concepts it raises its existence and vision, and how much it respects those concepts. Although the everyday life of people of a society has to do with the practical side, it is difficult to find a developed society that does not initially embody the theories and concepts upon which it has chosen its own existence. The way we understand concepts determines how we respect those concepts. For this reason, it is important to understand how Albanian society conceives the concepts of knowledge, power and freedom, how it interacts with these concepts, and how these concepts relate to each other in Albanian society. This article uses qualitative methods, mainly a review of the literature of Foucault, Kant, Lyotard and Heidegger, that relates to the concepts of knowledge, power and freedom, using these concepts to understand how the relation of Albanian society with such concepts is. How to cite: Kurtulaj, V. (2019). Knowledge, power and freedom: Case of the Albanian Society. Polis, 18(1), 113–128.

https://doi.org/10.58944/qftu3998

By, Genciana Abazi-Egro

Abstract

The powerful Albanian Vlora dynastic family, during the 17th and 18th century built a cultural and literary patronage system, which was inherited from one generation to the next. This hereditary patronage reflected both, the features of the time and the personality of the powerful members of this family. Hysen Pasha Vlora (d. 1672) demonstrated a new perspective of urban life; he oriented the urban elite towards a new cultural model, which offered strong links with the public, but outside the umbrella of religious institutions. His son Mahmut Pasha (d. 1738), reflected his benevolent nature in his relations with poets. He contributed to the installation of the professional poet’s status and the development of court literature in the Albanian language. After him, Ismail Pasha Vlora (Velabishti, d. 1764), being a poet himself, manifested a higher sensitivity to the literary environment and to the Albanian language in particular. He took on the role of the moderator in the public and cultural life in the city of Berat. This attention and support from the Vlora dynastic family towards writers and poets in particular, caused Berat to be differentiated from other Albanian cities of the time. Just like that Berat was transformed into the most important literary center of the Albanians during the 18th century. When Vlora family ruled in Berat, the Albanian literature knew great poets like Nezim Berati, followed by Sulejman Naibi. Apart from them, there were other numerous poets, such as Fejzi, Irzi, Ismail Pasha and Ahmet Kurt Pasha themselves. How to Cite: Abazi-Egro, G. (2019). Literary patronage of the Albanian Vlora dynastic family, 1670-1764. Polis, 18(1), 5–22.

https://doi.org/10.58944/mcyl6351

By, Klodian Rado

Abstract

All Western Balkan countries currently holding the EU Candidate Country status, namely, Albania, Montenegro, FYROM, Serbia, and hopefully in the near future Kosovo, are in a critical stage of EU integration. From their institutions are required serious reforms, and some of these reforms are necessary for almost all the of above countries. The focus of this paper is Albania. After the approval of the EU Candidate Country status, each branch of the Albanian government is now facing new legal challenges. However, at this stage, particularly after the vetting process, the central role passes to the judiciary, which should and could turn into a real “engine” of the EU integration. The new role of the Albanian judiciary for the EU integration should primarily be understood and recognized by judges themselves, as well as academics and the public. Judges in particular, should know what instruments are available there in order to best perform their new task. This paper initially aims to clarify the new role of the Albanian judiciary as the “engine” of the EU integration in order to raise awareness not just to judges, but also to academics and the public. Then, it will present what practical instruments can and must be used by the Albanian judiciary in order to best achieve the required EU integration. Examples of such instruments are: the preliminary ruling; the principle of supremacy; the principle of direct effect; the principle of indirect effect; and most importantly, EU remedies in national courts. The paper will analyze each of these instruments and will display precisely how Albanian courts can use them in favor of their citizens, and for achieving higher EU integration. In conclusion, the article suggests that although significant constitutional and legal reforms are needed, the existing constitutional and legal framework of Albania allows the judiciary to perform its new role as the “engine” of the EU integration How to cite: Rado, K. (2019). The importance of the judiciary for the European integration of EU candidate countries: The case of Albania. Polis, 18(1), 77–96.

https://doi.org/10.58944/bgea2479

By, Ermir Nika

Abstract

After the end of the communist regime in Albania, culture and its institutions were the areas which had to suffer the most extreme damages and transformations. It was not only the way of thinking for a new way of managing, but its infrastructure as a whole, on a regular basis has suffered from considerable damages. In a different point of view, there was also a further considerable departure of individuals and the artistic community with the phenomenon of emigration. In these conditions, the first step that was taken was the drafting and implementation of legislation through which cultural and artistic institutions could operate, as well as free private initiatives. Firstly was first introduced the concept and were taken steps for drafting an intellectual property legislation, the law on cinematography, theater, cultural heritage, libraries and the book, in accordance with the recommendations of the expert representatives of the European Union authorities. Further, the first efforts were made by setting up working groups to draft the first strategic drafts on art and culture as well as medium and long-term budget projections. Consequently, the first effects of a cultural policy aimed at implementing a new administrative-legal platform were felt. This policy would firstly respect the principles of decentralization and secondly the cooperation with the homologous structures of the countries of the Balkan region and further with those of Europe and beyond. The various phases of the reform did not always brought the expected expectations with the projected objectives. As a result, the transition to art and culture institutions lasted somewhat longer than in different sectors of Albania’s socio-political development. How to cite: Nika, E. (2019). The transition of Albanian art and culture facing the future challenges. Polis, 18(1), 129–146.

https://doi.org/10.58944/ivzr1498

By, Florian Çullhaj

Abstract

A peculiar phenomenon that characterizes today’s Illiberal governments is that their advent to power is a legitimate process within the democratic rule; particularly, in post-communist countries like Hungary or Poland where constitutions and functional institutions stabilize and promptly certified by the European Union. In this paper, we set the scene for an ongoing theoretical debate developed between authors who stand for the liberal values priority and others who stand for democratic values priority. We think that the widespread eruption of illiberalism ensues from the decoupling of liberalism from democracy. Drawing on existing studies, the paper traces the essence and the unfolding of illiberalism, focusing the discussion towards other non-EU countries like Albania; to explore to what extent the country’s internal developments fit patterns of Hungarian-Polish model. We argue that the best solution to overcome illiberalism must come from within, similar to the Macedonian example. How to cite: Çullhaj, F. (2019). The wind of “illiberalism” that is blowing around post-communist countries: Solutions must come from within. Polis, 18(1), 39–58.

https://doi.org/10.58944/wmfc9037

By, Vilma Spahiu & Blendi Lami & Kristaq Xharo

Abstract

Security studies curriculum remains an important commitment to lecturers and academics. As the security process is becoming increasingly asymmetrical, the concept of security is constantly changing. Security is not considered only a military or diplomatic dimension, but a comprehensive process. State institutions are supposed to cooperate at local, national and international level to meet the needs of the population to mitigate and prevent security threats. Therefore, education and qualification of those dealing with security enables analysis, expertise, management and leadership. Security study programs are part of a dynamic trend in universities, colleges, military academies and other research institutions. They have transcended the traditional concept, as it was applied during the Cold War. It is encouraging, but also challenging, that the European University of Tirana is successfully developing advanced modules on security studies. These are programs where the field of security is integrated not only with international relations and political science, but also with strategic studies, crisis and conflict management, negotiation, international organizations, history, geopolitics, philosophy, methodology, etc. The paper concludes that the old curriculum in the security field in Albanian universities and institutions, focusing on the traditional concept of territorial security, is challenged by the trend of innovative universities, such as the European University of Tirana, offering contemporary programs in this field. How to cite: Spahiu, V., Lami, B., & Xharo, K. (2019). Within the paradigm of security studies. Polis, 18(1), 59–76.

https://doi.org/10.58944/vpdc1677

by, Elvin Gjevori, Gezim Visoka

Abstract

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